I have an allergy
This is more specific, meaning 'I am allergic to...'. Use 'alérgico' if you are male, and 'alérgica' if you are female. This is the most common way to state a specific allergy.
A slight variation of the main phrase, used to specify what you are allergic to. It means 'I have an allergy to...'
Excuse me, I have a peanut allergy. Does this dessert have peanuts?
I am allergic to shellfish. I can't eat shrimp.
My son has a milk allergy.
I need a doctor. I think it's an allergic reaction.
The phrases 'Tengo una alergia' and 'Soy alérgico/a a...' are universal and understood across the entire Spanish-speaking world, including Spain and all Latin American countries.
No variation. 'Tengo alergia a los cacahuates' (I have an allergy to peanuts) is a common example.
No variation. The standard phrases are used.
No variation. 'Soy alérgico al maní' is standard.
No variation. The phrases are identical to their use in Latin America.
Using 'estar' instead of 'ser'. You must say 'Soy alérgico/a' (using the verb 'ser' for a characteristic), not '*Estoy alérgico/a*'.
Forgetting to match gender. A female speaker must say 'Soy alérgica', not '*Soy alérgico*'. The adjective must agree with the speaker's gender.
Mixing up 'tener' and 'ser'. It's incorrect to say '*Tengo alérgico*'. You either 'have an allergy' ('Tengo una alergia') or you 'are allergic' ('Soy alérgico').
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